British tales, myths and legends

British tales, myths and legends

Rome Servet and Myriam Bahaffou from the Lycée Ampère, Lyon, France, offer you a potted history of the tales, myths and legends that have been handed down from generation to generation among the peoples of Great Britain.

 

KEY VOCABULARY:

handed down: transmis

people : usually without an ‘s’ because ‘people’ is already a plural noun.  peoples :    ‘peoples’ with an ‘s’ denotes various populations. So, the peoples of Great Britain means the various Scottish, Welsh and English nationalities contained in Great Britain. 

 

Where do myths and legends come from?

 

 We think we know inside-out the bedtime stories that our mummies used to tell us, but do we really know where they come from, what they really mean or what they represented for our ancestors ?

How do legends and myths evolve through the ages ? Where do our heroes come from ? Did they really exist ? How did they enter into popular culture and consequently a part of our collective history ? And in a modern and every-changing world, might we even imagine an evolution of these old stories for future generations?

We are going to look back into mists of time at these legends and myths, their sources, origins, foundations and influences.

 

KEY VOCAB

to know something inside out: être très bien informé sur qqc. (le connaitre de l’intérieur comme de l’extérieur). 

what they really mean: ce qu’ils signifient vraiment

the mists of time: la nuit des temps

Who wrote this article for you?

 

We are two seventeen year-old students from the Lycée Ampère in Lyon, France and we are interested in British popular culture both past and present. We are studying literature and languages in general; we would like to work in this field after our studies. We like everything about popular culture in Britain and this passion will be the backdrop to the themes we’ll be dealing with here. We have chosen this subject because it speaks to all ages as an integral part of Britain’s popular heritage.

Last year, we spent three weeks in the North of England with a host families. Emily, our host mother , was always reading famous British legends and fairytales to her children before going to bed and we used to listen to them . We became increasingly curious about these myths, hence our decision to share with you today the enjoyment of hearing these tales.

 

KEY VOCABULARY:

to work in this field : travailler dans ce domaine

this passion will be the backdrop to our story: cette passion sera la toile de fond de notre histoire

the themes we’ll be dealing with:  les thèmes que nous allons traiter

fairytales: les contes de fées

hence…: d’où…

 

First of all, in order to talk about myths and legends, we have to define them. 


What are 
the main differences between myths and legends?

 

angloXchange adds: “Here’s a key difference between legends and myths. A legend is often based on actual events that really happened and which have been transformed with time into the legends we know today. A myth, on the other hand, is a timeless explanation of natural phenomena using religious or fantastic imagery. Some stories are clearly either a myth or a legend. Other stories refer to elements of both categories”.

Grammar tip: Phenomenon is the singular form. Phenomena is the plural.

 

What is a legend?

 

A legend changes as successive generations transmit the story to their children.  These ‘changes’ give rise to a narrative which doesn’t always agree with recorded history. For a legend to survive throughout the ages, it has to be transmitted by word of mouth – ‘the oral tradition’ – and it is during this centuries long game of Chinese whispers that stories are transformed, modified and exagerated. We should therefore always doubt the veracity of legends; they are often based on heresay (or texts said to be “lost”)  and handed from generation to generation orally.

A legend is a representation of a centuries-old folk belief, a folk hero or a value system which has evolved and survived until the present day. But some legends disappear or are forgotten when they no longer correspond to current belief systems . A legend can represent a model of behaviour – the chivalric code, for example – or an attempt to explain curious natural phenomena – such as solar eclipses. It is these ‘models’ of certain values or world visions that become myths.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 angloXchange adds: The Brothers Grimm defined legend as folktale historically grounded. A modern folklorist‘s professional definition of legend was proposed by Timothy R. Tangherlini in 1990:

Legend, typically, is a short (mono-) episodic, traditional, highly ecotypified historicized narrative performed in a conversational mode, reflecting on a psychological level a symbolic representation of folk belief and collective experiences and serving as a reaffirmation of commonly held values of the group to whose tradition it belongs.”


KEY VOCABULARY:

This gives rise to something: Cela donne lieu à quelque chose.

Transmitted by word of mouth:  Transmis par le bouche à oreille.

The oral tradition : La tradition orale.

A game of Chinese whispers : Un jeu de chuchotements chinois (on dit souvent ‘téléphone arabe’ en français)

Based on heresay: Basé sur le bouche à oreille.

A model of behaviour. : Un modèle de comportement.

The chivalric code : Le code de cevalerie

It is historically grounded : Il est historiquement fondé

 

What is a myth?

Find out more about this representation of Pandora's Box by J.W. Waterhouse here >>

 

A myth often exists beyond any historical narrative or chronology. A myth is an imaginary narrative which presents extraordinary, superhuman or divine characters, whose fabulous or legendary events may serve several purposes. They may rewrite the history of a community; symbolize different aspects of the human condition; translate the beliefs, hopes and fears of a community for which this myth is meaningful. The myth is a narrative which explains the mysteries of the world and the men and women therein.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Robin Hood and King Arthur : between myth and legend

Trailer for Ridley Scott’s 2010 film “Robin Hood”

ROBIN HOOD :

Legendary English hero, Robin Hood, embodies the defence of the poor and as the outlaw with a heart.

This character first appeared in the XIVth century and yet continues to inspire numerous literary,  cinematic and television adaptations today. Robin Hood is the most famous hero in English Folklore. According to legend, he is an outlaw who lives hidden in the forest of Sherwood with his companions. He is presented as a righteous thief who robs the rich and the  noble classes in order to redistribute the booty amongst the poor who are often portrayed as being opressed by the Sherrif of Nottingham. According to the various tellings of the story, his enemies are in particular the Sheriff of Nottingham, who dispossesses Robin of his lands and declares him an outlaw.

The character of Robin Hood is mentioned for the first time in a text in 1377 named Pierre le Laborieux  or Piers Plowman. The first ballads and plays which are dedicated to him are dated around 1450. In early XVIth century ballads, Robin is qualified as a “gentleman”, a term which indicates a storekeeper or an independent farmer. We have to wait until the end of the century for him acquire a title of nobility as indicated by the name ‘Robin of Loxley’ or ‘Robert Fitz Ooth, count of Huntington’. At the end of the XVIth century, the authors begin to place the story of Robin Hood in the 1190s when king Richard the Lionheart leaves for the third crusade. It is during this later period that appears the character of Marianne (or Marion), Robin Hood’s fiancée.

Despite the efforts of historians to seek proof of Robin’s existence, the only verifiable reality is that Robin Hood lives on in collective memory as a bastion of justice, bravery and honesty.

to embody : incarner

an outlaw / to outlaw : un hors le loi / proscrire

they are portrayed as : ils sont dépeints/présentés comme

storekeeper : commerçant

King Arthur : the myth and the sources

 

 

 

King Arthur was, according to the medieval romances, a Breton nobleman who had organized the defense of Britain against the Saxon invaders in the late fifth century or early sixth century. The legend of Arthur is mainly inspired by folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is not attested. Historical sources for Arthur are based on a few contradictory texts, mostly poems and stories in Welsh such as the Annals Cambriae, the annals and chronicles describing the Romanization and Christianization of Britain such as the Historia Brittonum and the lives of the early saints as told by Gildas the Wise. Arthur’s name also appears in ancient poems such as Y Gododdin. His story takes place at a time when the term “Britain” meant the vast southern half of the current Great Britain.

The legend of Arthur grew mainly due to the Historia Regum Britanniae  (History of the Kings of Britain), written by Geoffrey of Monmouth in the twelfth century. However, before this work, some stories and poems in Welsh or Breton, as well as chronicles or records based on oral traditions, already show Arthur as a great warrior defending Britain against supernatural enemies or as a magical folklore figure, sometimes associated with Annwvyn, the other Celtic World. The extent to which Geoffrey of Monmouth’s account , written in Latin, is adapted from previous sources or simply the outcome of his own imagination is unknown.

Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend vary considerably from text to text, and there is no single version of the events as they happened, the Historia Regum Britanniae serves as the basis for most later adapatations and retellings.

Geoffrey of Monmouth described Arthur as a king who established an empire that brought together the whole island of Britain and Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Denmark and much of Gaul. In fact, many elements that have become part of the story of King Arthur appear in the Historia Regum Britanniae: Arthur’s father Uther Pendragon, the wizard Merlin, the sword Excalibur, Arthur’s birth at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann and final retirement to Avalon. In the twelfth century, the French writer Chrétien de Troyes added Lancelot and the Holy Grail and introduced the genre of Arthurian romance (drawing on the Matter of Britain) which becomes an important part of medieval literature. In these stories, the narrative often focuses on other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table, instead of focusing on the King Arthur himself. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages, before losing in importance in the centuries that followed. Since the nineteenth century King Arthur has been once more in vogue. In the twenty-first century, King Arthur is a character still often represented both in literature and on stage (not least during festivals), in film, on television, in comic books, and other media.

 

Le roi Arthur est, d’après les romances médiévales, un seigneur breton qui aurait organisé la défense de la Grande-Bretagne face aux envahisseurs saxons à la fin du ve siècle ou au début du vie siècle. La légende d’Arthur est principalement inspirée par le folklore1 et l’invention littéraire, et son existence historique n’est pas attestée. Les sources historiques d’Arthur sont recueillies sur de rares textes contradictoires, essentiellement des poèmes et contes en langue galloise tels les Annales Cambriae, des annales et chroniques décrivant la romanisation et la christianisation de la Grande-Bretagne comme l’Historia Brittonum et la vie des premiers saints de l’île bretonne, tels les écrits de Gildas le sage. Le nom d’Arthur apparait également dans d’anciens poèmes tel que le Y Gododdin. Son histoire se situe à une époque où le terme « Bretagne » désignait la grande moitié sud de l’actuelle Grande-Bretagne.

La figure légendaire d’Arthur s’est développée essentiellement grâce à l’Historia regum Britanniae (Histoire des rois de Bretagne) écrite par Geoffrey de Monmouth au xiie siècle. Toutefois, antérieurement à cette œuvre, certains contes et poèmes gallois ou bretons, ainsi que des chroniques ou annales reprenant des traditions orales, font déjà apparaître Arthur comme un grand guerrier défendant la Bretagne des hommes et d’ennemis surnaturels ou comme une figure magique du folklore, parfois associée à Annwvynl’autre-Monde celtique. La part du récit de Geoffrey de Monmouth, écrit encore en latin, adaptée des sources antérieures et celle issue de sa propre imagination sont inconnues.

Bien que les thèmes, les événements et les personnages de la légende du roi Arthur varient considérablement de texte en texte, et qu’il n’existe pas de version unique, les événements contés dans l’Historia regum Britanniae servirent de base pour la plupart des histoires postérieures.

Geoffrey de Monmouth dépeint Arthur comme un roi ayant établi un empire rassemblant toute l’île de Bretagne, ainsi que l’Irlande, l’Islande, la Norvège, le Danemark et une bonne partie de la Gaule. En fait, beaucoup d’éléments qui font désormais partie intégrante de l’histoire du roi Arthur apparaissent dans l’Historia regum Britanniae : le père d’Arthur Uther Pendragon, le magicien Merlin, l’épée Excalibur, la naissance d’Arthur à Tintagel, sa dernière bataille contre Mordred à Camlann et sa retraite finale à Avalon. Au xiie siècle, l’écrivain françaisChrétien de Troyes y ajoute Lancelot et le Saint Graal et initie le genre de la romance arthurienne (en puisant dans la Matière de Bretagne) qui devient un volet important de la littérature médiévale. Dans ces histoires, la narration se concentre souvent sur d’autres personnages, tels que les différents chevaliers de la Table Ronde au lieu de se focaliser sur le roi Arthur lui-même. La littérature arthurienne a prospéré pendant le Moyen Âge, avant de perdre de l’importance dans les siècles qui suivirent. Elle est redevenue un sujet à la mode depuis le xixe siècle. Au xxie siècle, le roi Arthur est toujours un personnage mis en scène, à la fois dans la littérature mais aussi dans les adaptations scéniques (festivals, spectacles vivants), au théâtre, au cinéma, à la télévision, dans les bandes dessinées, et d’autres médias.

Découvrir www.UKLegacies.com

Présentation de UKLegacies.com :  “Mon site traite du folklore britannique, allant de vieilles légendes aux endroits hantés, en Écosse, Angleterre, Pays de Galles et Irlande. J’ai crée ce site car je suis passionnée par le folklore et la culture britannique. Comme il n’y a aucun site français qui en traite vraiment, j’ai décidé de compiler toutes les légendes, mythes et autres histoires venant du Royaume Uni et d’Irlande que je pouvais trouver. Vous y trouverez aussi une sélection de contes britanniques pour enfants. Je tiens à préciser par ailleurs que je ne suis en aucun cas responsable de ce que les gens pourraient déduire de ces histoires et que chacun est libre d’y croire ou non. Je fais mon possible pour limiter les fautes d’orthographes mais si malgré cela vous en trouvez quelques une, n’hésitez pas à m’envoyer un mail pour me le signaler”.

 

Myths and Legends : from now to the future.

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